The Shining Essay Example for Free

The Shining Essay Analysis of the Shining In the Shining, Stephen King’s idea was to show the reader that they don’t have to go looking in dark alleys for terrible monsters or demonic creatures, because in every human there is a chance for monsters to develop in ones mind. He also points out that a weak mind plus psychological problems, can allow exterior pressures to force you to think or do certain actions. In this novel the Torrance family settles in an isolated Colorado hotel, the Overlook. Jack Torrance, the father, gets a position as the winter caretaker. Jack, His wife and young son, Danny, are the only ones residing at the Overlook As the story unfolds you learn that Jack is a recovering alcoholic who has injured his son because of his own temper. His son, Danny has a psychic ability to read peoples thoughts and connect with spirits. The Overlook, the Hotel has a dark past and is very much alive with people that have died there long ago. As you read you realize the hotel will stop at almost nothing to add more spirits to its list. Stephen King reveals his ideas on mental illness and the influence that external pressures have on people. After Jack Torrance had given up drinking he was constantly fighting the urge to get a drink. . His dependency on alcohol caused Jack to almost become separated from his wife, led him to break his son’s arm, and his job loss as a teacher. He knew his father was an alcoholic and abused young Jack Torrance when he was a boy. Some days were good and others were not. Jack could no longer write his play; and would spend the day thinking about how he mistreated his family and how he wanted a drink. The hotel was now able to use his mental illness against him and influence his behavior. Jack would have drinks in the bar of the Colorado Lounge even though the liquor cabinets were abandoned of all bottles of any kind. He would drink and dance all night in the ballroom with the departed â€Å"guest†. This is where the previous care taker, one from the afterlife informed Jack that the hotel wanted him to be the manager forever. Jack only had to do eliminate his son and wife. Jack tried to pursue his new position, underlining Stephen kings message about the influence of external pressures on ones inner self. Because of Jacks mental illness the Overlook was able to influence his decisions.

The history of robotics

The history of robotics Abstract: The project gives a brief introduction to the history of robotics while going on to explain the various types of robots that are built and their classification. A detailed description of the various mechanical platforms and driving mechanisms has been provided. The commonly used robotic designs have also been looked into and their characteristics have been explained. Finally, the fabrication process of the robotic gripper has been studied and explained. Grippers are key components in robotized assembly system. 1. Introduction The design and construction of highly dexterous robot hands has been a major research and development objective for at least the past two decades. Many of the above robot hands have the general objective of achieving a high degree of dexterity in a wide variety of situations, and this generality in their objective may sometimes lessen their effectiveness in specific classes of applications. This project focuses on the development of a universal robot gripper. The gripper utilizes a2minimal amount of hardware, and can be employed in a wide variety of pick-and-place applications with minimal changes to the mechanical and control program configurations. The gripper is the mechanical interface between the robot and its environment. The robot performs the pick-and-place functions needed for assembly tasks. As with other peripheral equipment, grippers should have sufficient versatility to deal with the variety of parts an assembly robot has to handle. This project focuses on strategies for fabrication of an effective gripping device. The main section of the project covers the introduction for fabrication of grippers. 2. History Machines and mechanization are the ancestors of todays robots. The ancients started with things like water clocks and irrigation equipment. Later, windmills and water wheels turned gears and equipment to help produce a product. These ancient machines did tasks with or without human help. Industrialization made use of heavy mechanization to mass produce merchandise. In the 20th century, machines took some form of intelligence. They were able to work independently, solve problems and execute solutions. Cybernetics involved improving robot intelligence. Today, robots explore sea floors, wander inside caves, explore and study other planets and build cars. Leonardo da Vinci created many robot-like sketches and designs in the 1500s. The word robot first appeared in print in the 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossums Universal Robots) by Karl Kapek, a Czechoslovakian playwright. Robota is Czechoslovakian for worker or serf (peasant). Typical of early science fiction, the robots take over and exterminate the human race. 1954: The first programmable robot is designed by George Devol, who coins the term Universal Automation. He later shortens this to Unimation, which becomes the name of the first robot company (1962). Isaac Asimov popularized the term robotics through many science-fiction novels and short stories. Asimov is a visionary who envisioned in the 1930s the positronic brain for controlling robots; this pre-dated digital computers by a couple of decades. Unlike earlier robots in science fiction, robots do not threaten humans since Asimov invented the three laws of robotics: A robot may not harm a human or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm. A robot must obey the orders given by human beings, except when such orders conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as it does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. Joseph Engleberger and George Devoe were the fathers of industrial robots. Their company, Unimation, built the first industrial robot, the PUMA (Programmable Universal Manipulator Arm, a later version shown below), in 1961. 1980s: The robot industry enters a phase of rapid growth. Many institutions introduce programs and courses in robotics. Robotics courses are spread across mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science departments. 3. Types and classification of robots. Industrial robots are available commercially in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and configurations. They are designed and fabricated with different design configurations and a different number of axes or degrees of freedom. These factors of a robots design influence its working envelope 4. Common Robot Designs 4.1. Cartesian Robots which have three linear (prismatic joints P, as opposed to rotational R joints) axes of movement (X, Y, Z). Used for pick and place tasks and to move heavy loads. They can trace out rectangular volumes in 3D space. 4.2. Cylindrical The positions of these robots are controlled by a height, an angle, and a radius (that is, two P joints and one R joint). These robots are commonly used in assembly tasks and can trace out concentric cylinders in 3D space. 4.3. Spherical Spherical robots have two rotational R axes and one translational P (radius) axis. The robots end-effectors can trace out concentric spheres in 3D space. 4.4. Articulated The positions of articulated robots are controlled by three angles, via R joints. These robots resemble the human arm (they are anthropomorphic). They are the most versatile robots, but also the most difficult to program. 4.5 SCARA (Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm) SCARA robots are a blend of the articulated and cylindrical robots, providing the benefits of each. The robot arm unit can move up and down, and at an angle around the axis of the cylinder just as in a cylindrical robot, but the arm itself is jointed like a revolute coordinate robot to allow precise and rapid positioning. The robot consists of three R and one P joints; an example is shown below. We will mostly deal with robotic arms; some other interesting types of robots are mobile robots, humanoid robots, and parallel robots. 4.6. Mobile robots Mobile robots have wheels, legs, or other means to navigate around the workspace under control. Mobile robots are applied as hospital helpmates and lawn mowers, among other possibilities. These robots require good sensors to see the workspace, avoid collisions, and get the job done. 4.7. Parallel robots Most of the robots discussed so far are serial robots, where joints and links are constructed in a serial fashion from the base, with one path leading out to the end-effector. In contrast, parallel robots have many legs with active and passive joints and links, supporting the load in parallel. Parallel robots can handle higher loads with greater accuracy, higher speeds, and lighter robot weight; however, a major drawback is that the workspace of parallel robots is severely restricted compared to equivalent serial robots. Parallel robots are used in expensive flight simulators, as machining tools, and can be used for high-accuracy, high-repeatability, high-precision robotic surgery. 5. Mechanical platforms the hardware base A robot consists of two main parts: the robot body and some form of artificial intelligence (AI) system. Many different body parts can be called a robot. Articulated arms are used in welding and painting; gantry and conveyor systems move parts in factories; and giant robotic machines move earth deep inside mines. One of the most interesting aspects of robots in general is their behavior, which requires a form of intelligence. The simplest behavior of a robot is locomotion. Typically, wheels are used as the underlying mechanism to make a robot move from one point to the next. And some force such as electricity is required to make the wheels turn under command. 5.1. Motors A variety of electric motors provide power to robots, allowing them to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices with various programmed motions. The efficiency rating of a motor describes how much of the electricity consumed is converted to mechanical energy. Lets take a look at some of the mechanical devices that are currently being used in modern robotics technology. DC motor: Permanent-magnet, direct-current (PMDC) motors require only two leads, and use an arrangement of fixed- and electro-magnets (stator and rotor) and switches. These form a commutator to create motion through a spinning magnetic field. AC motor: AC motors cycle the power at the input-leads, to continuously move the field. Given a signal, AC and DC motors perform their action to the best of their ability. Stepper motor: Stepper motors are like a brushless DC or AC motor. They move the rotor by applying power to different magnets in the motor in sequence (stepped). Steppers are designed for fine control and will not only spin on command, but can spin at any number of steps-per-second (up to their maximum speed). Servomotors: Servomotors are closed-loop devices. Given a signal, they adjust themselves until they match the signal. Servos are used in radio control airplanes and cars. They are simple DC motors with gearing and a feedback control system. 5.2 Driving mechanisms Gears and chains: Gears and chains are mechanical platforms that provide a strong and accurate way to transmit rotary motion from one place to another, possibly changing it along the way. The speed change between two gears depends upon the number of teeth on each gear. When a powered gear goes through a full rotation, it pulls the chain by the number of teeth on that gear. Gears are most often used in transmissions to convert an electric motors or in this case the drive shafts high speed and low torque to a shafts requirements for low speed high torque. Gears essentially allow positive engagement between teeth so high forces can be transmitted while still undergoing essentially rolling contact. The basic law of gearing says that a common normal (the line of action) to the tooth profiles at their point of contact must in all positions of the contacting teeth; pass through a fixed point on the line-of-centers called the pitch point. As such any two curves or profiles engaging each other and satisfying the law of gearing are conjugate curves, and the relative rotation speed of the gears will be constant. A gear train is a set or system of gears arranged to transfer rotational torque from one part of a mechanical system to another. Gear trains consists Driving gears it is attached to the input shaft Driven gears or Motor gears it is attached to the output shaft Idler gears it is interposed between the driving and driven gear in order to maintain the direction of the output shaft the same as the input shaft or to increase the distance between the drive and driven gears. A compound gear train refers to two or more gears that are used to transmit motion. Alternatively pinion is the smaller of the two gears (typically on the motor) drives a gear on the output shaft. A gear or wheel is the larger of the two gears. Gears are generally used for one of four different reasons: To reverse the direction of rotation To increase or decrease the speed of rotation To move rotational motion to a different axis To keep the rotation of two axis synchronized Pulleys and belts: Pulleys and belts, two other types of mechanical platforms used in robots, work the same way as gears and chains. Pulleys are wheels with a groove around the edge, and belts are the rubber loops that fit in that groove. Gearboxes: A gearbox operates on the same principles as the gear and chain, without the chain. Gearboxes require closer tolerances, since instead of using a large loose chain to transfer force and adjust for misalignments, the gears mesh directly with each other. Examples of gearboxes can be found on the transmission in a car, the timing mechanism in a grandfather clock, and the paper-feed of your printer. Power supplies Power supplies are generally provided by two types of battery. Primary batteries are used once and then discarded; secondary batteries operate from a (mostly) reversible chemical reaction and can be recharged several times. Primary batteries have higher density and a lower self-discharge rate. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries have less energy than primary batteries, but can be recharged up to a thousand times depending on their chemistry and environment. Typically the first use of a rechargeable battery gives 4 hours of continuous operation in an application or robot. There are literally hundreds of types and styles of batteries available for use in robots. Batteries are categorized by their chemistry and size, and rated by their voltage and capacity. The voltage of a battery is determined by the chemistry of the cell, and the capacity by both the chemistry and size. 6. Degrees of freedom The term degree of freedom relates to locating or positioning of a body in space. A body in space has six degree of freedom since it can translate linearly along three mutually perpendicular axis and rotational movements about the same three axes. Three linear movements allow the body on the end effectors of the robot to move a desired position in space and three rotational movements allow the body to be oriented about that position. The term degree of movements relates to the number of axis in which the robot may move in one particular robot configuration. Regardless of the configuration of a robot, movement along each axis will result in either a rotational or a translational movement. The number of axes of movement (degrees of freedom) and their arrangement, along with their sequence of operation and structure, will permit movement of the robot to any point within its envelope. Robots have three arm movements (up-down, in-out, side-to-side). In addition, they can have as many as three additional wrist movements on the end of the robots arm: yaw (side to side), pitch (up and down), and rotational (clockwise and counterclockwise). 7. Mechanical design of the Gripper 7.1. General Design Description The mechanical design of the robotic gripper needed to address the required interaction between the robot and the environment in order to grasp and hold the object securely and to execute the operation. When objects to be grasped are of different shape and size the friction method is normally used whereby the part is restricted from moving by the friction present between the fingers and the object. In this way the fingers exert sufficient force to hold the part against gravity, acceleration and any other force that might arise during the holding portion of the work cycle. This is achieved through a mechanical design that incorporates multiple fingers and multiple joints per finger, through the installation of proximity and force sensors on the gripper, and through the employment of innovative and practical control system architecture for the gripper components. The gripper is installed on a standard six degree-of-freedom industrial robot, and the gripper and robot control programs are integrated in a manner that allows easy application of the gripper in an industrial pick-and-place operation. The gripper or the end effector constitutes the end of the kinematic chain of an industrial robot and makes possible the interactions with the work environment. Although universal grippers with wide clamping ranges can be used for varied object shapes, in many cases they must be adapted to specific work-pieces shapes. A robotic end effector is the hand of the robots arm. By attaching a tool to the robot flange (wrist), the robotic arm can then perform designated tasks. Examples of robotic end-effector include robotic grippers, robotic tool changers, robotic collision sensors etc. In many case, the robotic end effector requires additional power supplies to operate. It depends on the type of functions the end-effector perform, the popular one is the pneumatic, because it is easier to supply air to the end of a robot arm and. The only disadvantages of pneumatics are that it has a slightly lower power to weight ratio than hydraulics and it is not as controllable or easy to feed as electricity. For certain applications some degree of sensory feedback from the gripper is necessary. For examples, the insertion or gripping forces measurement, proximity sensor to detect the presence of objects between the jaws of the gripper, collision detection unit which attaches between the robot flange and the end effector so that if excessive force is applied to the tool the robot arm will stop. 7.2 Robot -End Effectors: End Effectors is the part that is connected to the last joint of a manipulator which generally handles objects, makes connection to other machines or performs the required tasks. Robot manufacturer generally do not design or sell end effectors. The hand of the robot has provision for connecting special end effectors that are specifically designed for a purpose. The robot end-effector or end-of-arm tooling is the bridge between the robot arm and the environment around it. Depending on the task, the actions of the gripper vary. A robotic end-effector which is attached to the wrist of the robot arm is a device that enables the general-purpose robot to grip materials, parts and tools to perform a specific task. The end-effectors are also called the grippers. There are various types of end-effectors to perform the different work functions. The various types of grippers can be divided into the following major categories. Mechanical grippers Hooking or lifting grippers Grippers for scooping or ladling powders or molten metal or plastics Vacuum cups Magnetic grippers Others: Adhesive or Electrostatic Grippers The grippers can be classified into, Part handling grippers Tools handling grippers Special grippers The part handling grippers are used to grasp and hold objects that are required to be transported from one point to another placed for some assembly operations. The part handling applications include machine loading and unloading, picking parts from a conveyor and moving parts, etc. There are grippers to hold tools like welding gun or spray painting gun to perform a specific task. The robot hand may hold a deburring tool. The grippers of the robot may be specialized device like remote center compliance (RCC) to insert an external mating component into an internal member, viz. inserting a plug into a hole. The other type of end-effectors employs some physical principal like magnetism or vacuum technology to hold the object securely. 7.2.1 Classification of End-effectors: An end effector of a robot can be designated to have several fingers, joints and degrees of freedom. Any combination of these factors gives different grasping modalities to the end-effector. The general end-effectors can be grouped according to the type of grasping modality as follows, Mechanical fingers Special tools Universal fingers 7.2.1.1 Mechanical Fingers: They are used to perform some special tasks. Gripping by mechanical type fingers is less versatile and less dexterous than holding by universal fingers as the grippers with mechanical fingers have fewer numbers of joints and lesser flexibility. The grippers can be sub grouped according to finger classifications like two, three and five-finger types. The two-finger gripper is the most popular. Robot end-effectors can be classified on the basis of the mode of gripping as external and internal gripping. The internal gripping system grips the internal surface of objects with open fingers whereas the external gripper grips the exterior surface of the object with closed fingers. Robot end-effectors are also classified according to the number of degrees of freedom (DOF) incorporated in the gripper structures. Typical mechanical grippers belong to the class of 1 DOF. A few grippers can be found with more than 2 DOF. Using some special tooling action, robot grippers can be designed to retain objects by electromagnetic action or under the action of vacuum. Electromagnets and vacuum cups are typical devices in this class. Usually, if the objects to be handled are too large and ferromagnetic in nature, electromagnetic grippers may be employed. In some applications where the objects are too thin to be handled, they can be held by vacuum grippers. 7.2.1.2 Universal Fingers: Usually comprise multipurpose grippers of more than three fingers and or more than one joint on each finger which provide the capacity to perform a wide variety of grasping and manipulating assignments. 7.2.1.3 Mechanical Gripper: A mechanical gripper is an end-effector that uses mechanical fingers actuated by a mechanism to grip an object. The fingers are the appendages of the gripper that actually makes contact with the object. The fingers are either attached to the mechanism or an integral part of mechanism. 7.3. Types Of Grippers 7.3.1. The Clapper The Clapper can be built using metal, plastic or wood. It consists of a wrist joint. Connected to the wrists are 2 plastic plates. The bottom plate is secured to the wrist and the top plate is hinged. A small spring-loaded solenoid is positioned between the two plates. When solenoid is active, the gripper is closed and when solenoid is not active, the gripper is open. The choice of solenoid is important. It must fit between the 2 flaps and should have a flat bottom to facilitate mounting. It must operate within the voltage used in your robot (usually 6V or 12 V). If solenoid doesnt have mounting flanges opposite the plunger, mount it in the center of the bottom flap using household cement 7.3.2. The Two Pincher Gripper The two-pincher gripper consists of two movable fingers, somewhat like the claw of a lobster. In todays industry the two-finger mechanical grippers with a single degree of freedom are the most usual used device. The fingers have symmetrical motions with respect to the gripper axis. A particular category of grippers for industrial robots has two degrees of freedom and a single driving motor. The relative positions of the component elements depend on the frictional coefficients between work piece and fingers and on the initial position of the work piece with respect to the grippers frame. 7.4 Development and Fabrication of the Two Pincher Gripper 8.Scope For Further Work 9. Conclusion: The Robotic Gripper is essentially a vital part of robot design. In its history it was simple and sometimes ineffective but day by day modern advances have been inputted to such robotic systems which have proved to be highly efficient, effective and versatile. A flurry of innovations and developments is on the agenda in context of robotics designs of the future. Major manufacturers are constantly striving to improve existing technology as RD divisions focus on figuring out ways and means to conjure up better and simpler forms of robots. Other such technologies that have been significantly improved in robotic designs are in: Agriculture Automobile Construction Entertainment Health care: hospitals, patient-care, surgery, research, etc. Laboratories: science, engineering, etc. Law enforcement: surveillance, patrol, etc. Manufacturing Military: demining, surveillance, attack, etc.1` Mining, excavation, and exploration Transportation: air, ground, rail, space, etc. Utilities: gas, water, and electricity With such advances in technology the future of robotics design seems promising. 10. References: Books: Stan Gibilisco, Concise encyclopedia of Robotics Klafter D Richard; Robotic Engineering An Integrated Approach, 1st Edition, 1989. Craig J John, Introduction to Robotics Mechanics and Control, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, Inc, 2005. Schilling J Robert, Fundamentals of Robotics Analysis and Control, 1st Edition, Prentice Hall, 1990.

Multiple Sclerosis Essay example -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It most commonly occurs in individuals between the ages of twenty and forty (1) and in higher numbers of women than men (2). In Multiple Sclerosis (or "MS") a loss of the nerves' axon coating myelin prohibits the nerve axons from efficiently conducting action and synaptic potentials. Scar tissue (called plaques or lesions) forms at the points where demyelination occurs in the brain and spinal cord, hence the name "Multiple Sclerosis"or "many scars" (3). The demyelination found in MS is thought to be caused by an autoimmune process, in which the body's immune system attacks its own healthy tissue (4). Other diseases thought to have an autoimmune basis are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus and the insulin dependent form of diabetes mellitus(5). In the immune system, there are two types of white blood cells, B-cells and T-cells. T-cells exist in three forms, all responsible for different immune system responses. Helper T-cells recognize foreign antigens (the substance the immune system aims to destroy), stimulate antibody production, and produce cytokines (chemicals which act as biological messengers) which activate other T-cells. These T-cells are able to recognize antigens through their receptors, made of protein molecules that selectively bind to certain other molecules. Suppressor T-cells perform a function converse to that of their helper counterparts, turning off the immune system response. Cytotoxic T-cells directly attack and destroy antigenic material (6). In MS, an unknown trigger activates helper T-cells whose antigen specific receptors recognize central nervous system myelin as an antigen. While what exactly activates these T-cel... ... MS GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY http://www.nmss.org/msinfo/current_research/updates/RMP9620.html 25) VIRUSES http://www.nmss.org/cmsi/cmsi18.html 26) Remyelination Progress Reported http://www.myelin.org/puppress.html 27) EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS http://www.nmss.org/cmsi/cmsi157.html 28) Current Research Updates http://www.nmss.org/msinfo/current_research/updates/summary.html 29) Virtual Hospital, Chapter 14: Neurology: MS http://www.vh.org/Providers/ClinRef/FPHandbook/Chapter14/08-14.html Other WWW Sites 30) Knowledge Weavers http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ms/ 31) World of Multiple Sclerosis http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html 32) National Multiple Sclerosis Society http://www.nmss.org/ 33) MS Gateway http://www.ms-gateway.com/ 34) MS Gateway Glossary http://www.ms-gateway.com/glossary.html

Pablo Neruda :: Poetry Poet Poems

Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda, a quien llamamos en el escalafà ³n consular de Chile Ricardo Reyes, nos nacià ³ en la tierra de Parral, a medio llano central en el aà ±o 1904, al que siempre contaremos como de natividades verà ­dicas. La ciudad de Temuco lo tiene por suyo y alega el derecho de haberle dado las infancias que "imprimen carà ¡cter" en la crianza poà ©tica. Estudià ³ letras en nuestro Instituto Pedagà ³gico de Santiago y no se convencià ³n de la vocacià ³n docente, comà ºn en los chilenos. Algà ºn ministro que apenas sospechaba la cosa à ³ptima que hacà ­a, lo mandà ³ en misià ³n consular al Oriente a los veintitrà ©s aà ±os, poniendo mucha confianza en esta brava mocedad. Vivià ³ entre la India Holandesa y Ceilà ¡n y el Ocà ©ano Indico que es una zona muy especial de los Trà ³picos, tomà ³ cinco aà ±os de su juventud, trabajando su sensibilidad como lo hubiesen hecho veinte aà ±os. Posiblemente las influencias mayores caà ­das sobre su temperamento sean esas tierras oceà ¡nicas y super-cà ¡lidas y la literatura inglesa, que à ©l conoce y traduce con capacidad de prà ³cer. Antes de dejar Chile, su libro "Crepusculario" le habà ­a hecho cabeza de su generacià ³n. A su llegada de provinciano a la capital, à ©l encontrà ³ un grupo alerta, vuelto hacia la liberacià ³n de la poesà ­a por la reforma poà ©tica, de anchas consecuencias de Vicente Huidobro, el inventor del Creacionismo. La obra de los aà ±os siguientes de Neruda acaba de ser reunida por la editorial espaà ±ola Cruz y Raya en dos muy dignos volà ºmenes que se llaman "Residencia en la Tierra". La obra del capità ¡n de los jà ³venes ofrece, desde la cobertura, la gracia no pequeà ±a de un tà ­tulo agudo. "Residencia en la Tierra" darà ¡ todo gusto a los estudiosos presentà ¡ndoles una ligazà ³n de documentos donde seguir, anillo por anillo, el desarrollo del formidable poeta. Con una lealtad a sà ­ mismo y de entrega entera a los extraà ±os, à ©l ofrece en un orden escrupuloso, desde los poemas amorfos e iniciales de su segunda manera hasta la pulpa madura de los temas de la madera, el vino y el apio. Se llega por jalones lentos hasta las tres piezas ancladamente magistrales del trà ­o de materias. Recompensa cumplida: los poemas mencionados valen no sà ³lo por una obra individual; podrà ­an tambià ©n cumplir por la poesà ­a entera de un pueblo joven. Un espà ­ritu de las mà ¡s subida originalidad hace su camino buscando eso que llamamos "la expresià ³n" y el logro de una lengua poà ©tica personal. Rehusa las prà ³ximas, es decir, las nacionales: Pablo Neruda de esta obra no tiene relacià ³n alguna con la là ­rica chilena. Rehusa tambià ©n la mayor parte de los comercios extranjeros; algunos contactos con Blake, Whitman, Milosz, parecen coincidencias temperamentales. Pablo Neruda :: Poetry Poet Poems Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda, a quien llamamos en el escalafà ³n consular de Chile Ricardo Reyes, nos nacià ³ en la tierra de Parral, a medio llano central en el aà ±o 1904, al que siempre contaremos como de natividades verà ­dicas. La ciudad de Temuco lo tiene por suyo y alega el derecho de haberle dado las infancias que "imprimen carà ¡cter" en la crianza poà ©tica. Estudià ³ letras en nuestro Instituto Pedagà ³gico de Santiago y no se convencià ³n de la vocacià ³n docente, comà ºn en los chilenos. Algà ºn ministro que apenas sospechaba la cosa à ³ptima que hacà ­a, lo mandà ³ en misià ³n consular al Oriente a los veintitrà ©s aà ±os, poniendo mucha confianza en esta brava mocedad. Vivià ³ entre la India Holandesa y Ceilà ¡n y el Ocà ©ano Indico que es una zona muy especial de los Trà ³picos, tomà ³ cinco aà ±os de su juventud, trabajando su sensibilidad como lo hubiesen hecho veinte aà ±os. Posiblemente las influencias mayores caà ­das sobre su temperamento sean esas tierras oceà ¡nicas y super-cà ¡lidas y la literatura inglesa, que à ©l conoce y traduce con capacidad de prà ³cer. Antes de dejar Chile, su libro "Crepusculario" le habà ­a hecho cabeza de su generacià ³n. A su llegada de provinciano a la capital, à ©l encontrà ³ un grupo alerta, vuelto hacia la liberacià ³n de la poesà ­a por la reforma poà ©tica, de anchas consecuencias de Vicente Huidobro, el inventor del Creacionismo. La obra de los aà ±os siguientes de Neruda acaba de ser reunida por la editorial espaà ±ola Cruz y Raya en dos muy dignos volà ºmenes que se llaman "Residencia en la Tierra". La obra del capità ¡n de los jà ³venes ofrece, desde la cobertura, la gracia no pequeà ±a de un tà ­tulo agudo. "Residencia en la Tierra" darà ¡ todo gusto a los estudiosos presentà ¡ndoles una ligazà ³n de documentos donde seguir, anillo por anillo, el desarrollo del formidable poeta. Con una lealtad a sà ­ mismo y de entrega entera a los extraà ±os, à ©l ofrece en un orden escrupuloso, desde los poemas amorfos e iniciales de su segunda manera hasta la pulpa madura de los temas de la madera, el vino y el apio. Se llega por jalones lentos hasta las tres piezas ancladamente magistrales del trà ­o de materias. Recompensa cumplida: los poemas mencionados valen no sà ³lo por una obra individual; podrà ­an tambià ©n cumplir por la poesà ­a entera de un pueblo joven. Un espà ­ritu de las mà ¡s subida originalidad hace su camino buscando eso que llamamos "la expresià ³n" y el logro de una lengua poà ©tica personal. Rehusa las prà ³ximas, es decir, las nacionales: Pablo Neruda de esta obra no tiene relacià ³n alguna con la là ­rica chilena. Rehusa tambià ©n la mayor parte de los comercios extranjeros; algunos contactos con Blake, Whitman, Milosz, parecen coincidencias temperamentales.

Application Paper -- Essays Papers

Application Paper The social penetration theory is a theory composed by Altman and Taylor in which people are compared to onions. This may seem like an absurd comparison, but when explored more deeply it makes quite a bit of sense. The social penetration theory is a description of the multi-layered nature of people's personalities. As the outer skin of an onion is peeled away another layer is found beneath it, and if you remove that layer you will expose another layer, and so forth. The same holds true for people; as we get to know someone better we expose more layers of their personality and hence become closer to the core of the individual, or the private self The outer layers of our personality is the public self, or characteristics that are apparent to people we do not know very well. Some of these characteristics include a person's world view, studies, and tastes (Griffin, 1997, p. 145). Altman and Taylor proceed to say that in order for people to develop close and meaningful relationships penetr ation must occur; this process requires self-disclosure and vulnerability in order to be achieved. People are able to choose who they want to become closer to and to decide how much of their private self they want to expose. According to Sidney Jourard, author of Transparent Self (1980), "You cannot collaborate with another person toward some common end unless you know him. How can you know him, and he you, unless you have engaged in enough mutual disclosure of self to be able anticipate how he will react and what part he will play?" (p. 3). One main reason Jourard says people may be reluctant to self-disclose is that they dread the moral judgment of their friends, family. minister, or the law. This is the same as becoming vulne... ...e amount of penetration that occurs; in any case it would be very interesting to talk about in relation to the social penetration theory. I have definitely enjoyed learning about the social penetration theory and social exchange theory the most. They are very important theories that happen every day with people we know and people we don't know. I believe that they are among the most important theories that need to be used in order to achieve and maintain close, meaningful relationships throughout our lives. In analyzing my own level of penetration with a close friend, I have discovered a little bit more about myself and how prone I am to self-disclose for a potential relationship. Works Cited Griffin, E. (1997). A first look at communication theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Jourard, S. (1980). The transparent self. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Death Is Beautiful Essay

People tend to be afraid of what they can’t control and avoid. In terms of death, it meets those two conditions which make people scared of it. Since no one knows what it feels when one dies, but can only guess what will happen after death, most people might not want to imagine the last moment of their lives. In our society, moreover, death is described as something dark and negative in movies, books and daily life in general. As a result, it becomes difficult and unbearable to face death when it comes. Every minute, somewhere in the world, countless babies are born with great celebration, whereas somewhere in the world, numerous people are dying with grief. Most people can relate to these situation as life stages. One of differences between birth and death is that one can’t be ready to be born itself, but on the other hand, most of people get a chance to prepare the end of life themselves. While people tend to glorify birth and consider death as unlucky, it is not always true. Death can be beautiful perhaps more than the moment of birth, depending on the way of how happily one has lived. What death makes unhappy is within its features, such as uncertainty of when, how and why to die, but above everything else, fear of death. In her article, â€Å"On The Fear of Death† written by Kubler-Ross, she describes fear of death shown among people from the past to today differently. She highlites the fact that people in both the past and present have felt fear of death similarly, but the shape of fear shown today has some different characteristics. Dying today is more lonely, mechanical and dehumanized, the fear of death is represented as these kind of features† Accoring to Kubler, people today are more likely suffering from emotional problems such as loneliness, even living in high technology which seems to fill men’s life with richness. In this article, the author also points out the way of facing death these days. Many people today would experience death in hospital where patiens are treated as products, getting treatment even until the moment when they die. It shows that death today is getting lonely compared to figure of death in the past, which people were watching those who they loved were dying close to that person. It made death more beautiful and natural. As a result of desolate death happened frequently today, people are getting fear of death more than past. Fear of death is natural phenomenon shown in most people. In â€Å"Who Wants to Live Forever? Immortality, Authenticity, and Living Forever in the Present† written by Ted M. Preston and Scott Dixon, they describe death as â€Å"So death, the most frightening of bad things, is nothing to us; since when we exist, death is not yet present, and when death is present, then we do not exist. †(100) In the article, two authors suggest the way of how to overcome fear of death, emphasizing that people don’t have to be afraid of death which we even can’t feel at the end. It shows that being worried about death in advance is how useless. It seems pretty persuasive and inspired for those who are suffering from fear of death. However, having fear of death isn’t always bad in some ways. The horrible feeling which people face when imagining death possibly can fuction in positive way at the same time, by reminding people of the fact that they only have limited time for life, as if a movie asks audience â€Å"If you have only one week to live, what would you do? †. Thus, it will give them a great turning point to change from old view on death, which represents something scary, to something we can even be ready. The fact that we have only limited time in life makes us able to concern about how to live with full of happiness. More than that, fear of death functions as an opportunity to look back one’s life because we are gonna die at the end, we need to define who I am and how we have been living as human being since we were born. Another example of what death makes unhappy is unnatural death which doesn’t seem to be ideal form of death. Unnatural death is antonym of natural death that means death from natural causes such as aging. For example, in unusual forms of death such as suicide or murder, death can’t be beautiful in the way that it is tragic and irrational. Living as human being is bless and a precious chance which God gave us. Thus at least, human being ought to live as long as one’s lifespan permits. Killing oneself or others can’t be justified for any reason. In case of murder, particularly, it is one of miserable death that should never happen because it infringe one’s right to live. On the other hand, more than half of people might experience death as a natural precess of aging including diseases cuased by old age. Dying naturally as we grow older might be ideal death for most people. Even though everyone knows that death can’t be inescapable, it would be still hard to accept death as one of processes in life. Nevertheless, denying death means denying one’s whole life as the law of nature. Since death doesn’t give any information to anyone, interestingly, every single person might have different view on death. That’s why building own belief regarding death during life is important to understand one’s life stages from birth to death clearly. As importantly as making own definition of death, it is also needed to set proper plans in each stage of life because it helps one to understand one’s life systematically. For those who understand that one’s life time is categorized by each different period by age and has different characteristic to consider, one’s life time can be much more valuable rather than living life without strategy for each stage to come. Whenever one realizes this rule, everyday can be the first day to start new stage and it is totally applicable for anyone who wants to design plans for life. If one has managed one’s life satisfactorily, this person are more likely feeling happy when he or she dies. Namely, one’s quality of life and death are related closely. If birth is our beginning of life, the death is the end of one’s life. People tend to concern about how to live during life, not recognizing the meaning of how to die. That is why most people are not fully prepared for death. Not only how happily one has lived is important, but also how happily one dies is meaningful. How many people would feel happy in the end of their life? In Sounth Korea, there is an interesting program which people can experience one’s funeral in advance, by practicing as if it is real funeral of mine. A man who was 50-year old applied this program with his families and close friends. His funeral was held in front of him and he was watching this silently. Some people started to cry as if they already lost this man and his son started to read the last letter sending for father. The man started to cry right after starting his imaginary funeral as well because he realized how he was being loved and how happy person he was. If one’s life has been happy, esteemed and loved, one’s death also should be happy at the end. The fact that no one can live forever makes them to be able to manage time effectively and consider order of priority in one’s life. Those who look at death as positive function of life started to think about how to die as well as how to live. They believe that death can be beautiful as much as the fact of what we are born in the world. The biggest benefits of this view is that people can get a chance to look back one’s life and make clear goals in life in advance. As a result, being awared death helps people to get rid of their pain or fear of death by already being ready to face death. However, there are those who consider death as positive one and these people prepare to be ready for peaceful death by practicing how death can be beautiful. This movement was not appeared just today and it shows that death is not something which people want to avoid unconditionally anymore. There is a strong method which people can lessen their fears of death with. It is the power of religions. Even though every religion has different interpretation of death, most of them describe it as something sacred and they teach believers to follow their doctrine to greet peaceful death or be rescued by God by relying on religion strongly. As people get older, they start to feel that death is coming. For example, an woman who is almost 90 year-old, may be tying to accept the fact which she is going to die soon. She may recall some good memories with her eyes closed and thinking about her family members whom she has loved the most during her life. On the other hand, it will be somehow tragic, if one who faces death feels sorry and regretful about one’s life. When young, it is hard to prepare next stages to come by looking ahead to the future. However, after they get weak both metally and phsically, they might realize that life is not that long. That’s why understanding death excatly and being prepared for beautiful death by managing one’s life meaningfully. When it comes to death, how one has been successful can be a matter. However, more than than how one has been happy is the most important value when leaving this world. To design happy life, if so, unerstanding one’s life stages and even death is regarded importantly because both are closely connected each other. Since one is born in the world, one is heading to death at the same time. The deeper one understands death, the more valuable life time one can manage. For someone, death just can mean the last moment of life. On the othe hand, for someone who believe the world after death, otherwise, death might mean exploring for new world. For someone who reminds oneself of limited time with death, death can be boost for one’s efficient time management for life. People don’t have to be afraid of death because it will be just short mement compared to one’s whole life time. If one’s life has been happy, one’s death also should be happy at the end.

Creatinine Lab

Title: Creatinine Assay Aim: To determine the creatinine clearance of a selected undiluted urine samples by graphical extrapolation from a creatinine curve. Materials and Apparatus: University of the West Indies: Department of Basic Medical Sciences Laboratory Manual: BC35A, Creatinine Assay, pages 6-8, 2012 Changes to the Method: The experiment utilized one undiluted urine samples for concentration determination instead of five aliquots of twenty four hour urine samples.The urine sample and standard creatinine solutions were analyzed spectrophotometrically approximately five minutes after they were made up instead of using the allotted time interval (minutes) as suggested by the laboratory manual. Results: Please see attachments. Discussion Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. It is an anhydride of creatine, the end product of phosphocreatine metabolism; measurements of its rate of urinary excretion are used as diagnostic indicators of ki dney function and muscle mass. The experiment utilized serum creatinine.Creatinine is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys (glomerular filtration). There is little tubular reabsorption of creatinine. If the filtering of the kidney is deficient, creatinine blood levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine may be used to calculate the creatinine clearance which reflects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR is clinically important because it is a measurement of renal function . A more complete estimation of renal function can be made when interpreting the blood (plasma) concentration of creatinine along with that of urea.BUN-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine) can indicate other problems besides those intrinsic to the kidney; for example, a urea level raised out of proportion to the creatinine may indicate a pre-renal problem such as volume depletion. The typical human reference ranges for serum creatinine are 0. 5 to 1. 0 mg/dl (about 45-90 ? mol/l) for women and 0. 7 to 1. 2 mg/dl (60-110 ? mol/L) for men. While a baseline serum creatinine of 2. 0 mg/dl (150 ? mol/l) may indicate normal kidney function in a male body builder.The experimental creatinine levels obtained for the undiluted sample of creatinine is ____________, the values obtained are significantly higher than the normal creatinine values for a healthy male or female. Factors that may contribute to the elevated levels of serum creatinine may include; a disorder of the kidneys and impaired renal function. These disorders include glomerulonephritis characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the kidneys, bacterial infection of the kidneys or pyelonephritis and acute tubular necrosis, or cell death in the kidneys' small tubes caused by toxic substances.Obstruction of the urinary tract, such as with prostate disease or kidney stones, can also cause impaired kidney function and lead to elevated creatinine levels. Increased muscle ma ss indicates increased creatine phosphate, which translates to increased creatinine levels in the blood. Acromegaly and gigantism are disorders caused by abnormality of the pituitary gland and can be associated with increased muscle mass also the ingestion of steroidal substances that stimulates an increase in muscle mass.When medical conditions affect normal blood flow to the kidneys, renal function becomes impaired thus increasing creatinine levels in the blood. Shock, or a sudden critical drop in blood flow to the body, compromises renal status because the kidneys are not being nourished. Dehydration causes reduced renal blood flow, as well. In people with congestive heart failure, the heart is not adequately pumping blood towards the kidneys and other organs. Atherosclerosis, or narrowing of the arteries, and diabetic nephropathy are other conditions that reduce blood flow to the kidneys.Precautions/Sources of Error: 1. The experiment utilize spectrophotometric machines that are susceptible to light interfence from the external environment and interference from glassware that is not properly cleaned, this may cause inaccurate readings. 2. Contamination of serum standard solutions of creatinine may give inaccurate readings when using the spectrophotometric machines, hence contamination should be prevented by using clean glassware and wearing all the protected clothing that is applicable. Questions a) Factors that may contribute to varying creatinine levels include: (1)The most common abnormality in a creatinine blood level is a change in kidney function. The kidneys are composed of around a million filters for each kidney, called nephrons. Each of these nephrons contains tubular structures that accomplish the filtering of waste materials and the re-absorption of necessary materials in the blood that passed through the nephrons. Most creatinine is normally filtered out along two structures called the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule, maintaining the low levels of creatinine in the blood.A rise in creatinine blood levels indicates that this filtration is not taking place, suggesting there is a problem with kidney function. (2) Creatinine levels can be affected by transient or non-disease factors that are not kidney malfunction. Bodybuilders, because of the excess of muscular tissue that creates creatinine, will typically have high levels of creatinine. Severe dehydration will cause higher than normal creatinine. Eating a great deal of meat just hours before blood is drawn can elevate creatinine levels.Some drugs will cause higher than normal creatinine blood levels. These causes are ruled out before a follow up test to determine the cause of elevated creatinine. Low creatinine levels may indicate muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis. (3) Preeclampsia is a condition during pregnancy, the cause of which is poorly understood. Elevated creatinine may indicate preeclampsia in pregnant women, especially women on their first pregna ncy. Untreated preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, a life-threatening seizure disorder.Elevated creatinine in conjunction with swelling of the hands and face is an early sign of preeclampsia. Later signs may include persistent headache, pain in the upper-right quadrant of the abdomen, inadequate urination, agitation and nausea. 2b) The amount of creatinine the body produces each day depends on the person's muscle mass: a young, muscular man produces more creatinine than a average non athletic male. Because muscle mass normally changes very little, creatinine is usually produced at about the same rate every day in each person.However, if continuous exercise is performed as in the case of an athlete the muscle employs the creatine phosphate metabolism more often and hence more creatine and creatinine is metabolized which will eventually increase the muscle mass of the individual. Athletes may also ingest creatine which will stimulate the production of creatinine in the body and will c ontribute to an increase in muscle mass. 2c) The blood urea test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function.Urea is a by-product from metabolism of proteins by the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain between 7 to 21 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml (7–21 mg/dL) of blood. BUN is an indication of renal health. Normal ranges 2. 5-6. 5mmol/L. If Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and blood volume then BUN will increase. Conclusion The experimental results indicate that there was a elevated serum creatinine level that was above the normal levels.Elevated serum concentration may indicate impaired liver function. The serum creatinine level was found to be ______________. References 1. Delanghe J; De Slypere JP, De Buyzere M, Robbrecht J, Wieme R, Vermeulen A (Aug 1989). â€Å"N ormal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are lower in vegetarians†. Retreived October 3, 2012. 2. â€Å"The creatine-creatinine equilibrium. The apparent dissociation constants of creatine and creatinine. Retrieved October 3, 2012. 3. â€Å"International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise†. October 3, 2012.